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critical junctures that are causally important for the creation or reform of path-dependent institutions. This article examines the evolution of our understanding of the critical junctures concept.
The concept finds its origins in historical intuitionalism, being employed in the context of path dependence to account for sudden and jarring institutional or policy changes. If pestilence, famine, and war are requisites for institutional change, what chance do USAID, the World Bank, and the various UN agencies have to affect reform, armed only with dollars and expertise? Institutions were relatively fixed and unproblematically enforced rules, while change came through periodic “critical junctures.” A dualistic institutional imagery treated institutions as exogenous for some analytical purposes, highly plastic for others.
A core idea of the critical junctures approach is that periods of significant institutional change often result in distinct outcomes in different cases, and sometimes produce enduring consequences in the form of subsequent pathways of institutional development. Where do inclusive institutions come from?
Institutional Change Small Di⁄erences and Critical Junctures Transition to Inclusive Institutions Extractive institutions have been the norm in world history. In this analytical context, critical junctures are cast as moments in which uncertainty as to the future of an institutional arrangement allows for political agency and choice to play a decisive causal role in setting an institution on a certain path of development, a path that then persists over a …
Less apocalyptic critical junctures described by Acemoglu and Robinson give no cause for cheer among aid advocates, either: "Junctures are 'critical' because they place institutional arrangements on paths or trajectories, which are then very difficult to alter.
"3 Path dependence is a crucial causal mechanism for historical institutional- ists, and critical junctures constitute the starting points for many path-
Earlier moves towards inclusive institutions resulting from con⁄ict and institutional driftŠ Roman Republic, Venice, but ultimately reversed. First, by underscoring the importance of political entrepreneurs in assembling coalitions for institutional change during critical junctures, the approach draws attention to the